[Relationship Between Tim-3 and Galectin-9 Expression Levels, Clinical Pathological Characteristics, and Prognosis in Patients After Radical Resection of Colorectal Cancer]. / ç»“ç›´è‚ ç™Œæ ¹æ²»æœ¯åŽæ‚£è€ Tim-3、galectin-9è¡¨è¾¾æ°´å¹³ä¸Žå ¶ä¸´åºŠç— ç†ç‰¹å¾åŠé¢„åŽçš„å ³ç³».

Objective: Some colorectal cancer patients still face high recurrence rates and poor prognoses even after they have undergone the surgical treatment of radical resection. Identifying potential biochemical markers and therapeutic targets for the prognostic evaluation of patients undergoing radical resection of colorectal cancer is crucial for improving their clinical outcomes. Recently, it has been reported that the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein 3 (Tim-3) and its ligand galactose lectin 9 (galectin-9) play crucial roles in immune dysfunction caused by various tumors, such as colorectal cancer. However, their expressions, biological functions, and prognostic value in colorectal cancer are still unclear. This study aims to investigate the relationship between Tim-3 and galectin-9 expression levels and the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients undergoing radical resection of colorectal cancer. Methods: A total of 171 patients who underwent radical resection of colorectal cancer at Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital between February 2018 and March 2019 were selected. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess the expression levels of Tim-3 and galectin-9 in the cancer tissue samples and the paracancerous tissue samples of the patients. The relationship between Tim-3 and galectin-9 expression levels and the baseline clinical parameters of the patients was analyzed accordingly. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to assess the association between Tim-3 and galectin-9 expression levels and the relapse-free survival (RFS) and the overall survival (OS) of colorectal cancer patients. Cox regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with adverse prognosis in the patients. Results: The immunohistochemical results showed that the high expression levels of Tim-3 and galectin-9 were observed in 70.18% (120/171) and 32.16% (55/171), respectively, of the colorectal cancer tissues, whereas the low expression levels were 29.82% (51/171) and 67.84% (116/171), respectively. Furthermore, the expression score of Tim-3 was significantly higher in colorectal cancer tissues than that in the paracancerous tissues, while the expression score of galectin-9 was lower than that in the paracancerous tissues (P<0.05). Further analysis revealed that the expression of Tim-3 and galectin-9 was associated with the depth of tumor infiltration, vascular infiltration, and clinical staging (P<0.05). During the follow-up period of 14-63 months, 7 out of 171 patients were lost to follow-up. Among the remaining patients, 49 and 112 cases presented abnormally low expression of Tim-3 and galectin-9, respectively, whereas 115 and 52 cases presented high expression of Tim-3 and galectin-9, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that patients with high Tim-3 expression in colorectal cancer tissues had significantly lower RFS and OS than those with low expression did (RFS: log-rank=22.66, P<0.001; OS: log-rank=19.71, P<0.001). Conversely, patients with low galectin-9 expression had significantly lower RFS and OS than those with high expression did (RFS: log-rank=19.45, P<0.001; OS: log-rank=22.24, P<0.001). Cox multivariate analysis indicated that TNM stage Ⅲ (HR=2.26, 95% CI: 1.20-5.68), high expression of Tim-3 (HR=0.80, 95% CI: 0.33-0.91), and low expression of galectin-9 (HR=1.80, 95% CI: 1.33-4.70) were independent risk factors affecting RFS and OS in patients (P<0.05). Conclusion: Aberrant expression of Tim-3 and galectin-9 is observed in colorectal cancer tissues. High expression of Tim-3 and low expression of galectin-9 are closely associated with adverse clinico-pathological characteristics and prognosis. They are identified as independent influencing factors that may trigger adverse prognostic events in patients. These findings suggest that Tim-3 and galectin-9 have potential as new therapeutic targets and clinical indicators.

Evaluation and associated factors of public health emergency management among medical college students in a city in Southwest China: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Colleges and universities face an increased risk of public health emergencies. Among them, medical colleges and universities deserve more attention as they serve as the play a fundamental role in providing public health emergency services and in cultivating medical professionals. Effectively managing infectious disease prevention and control, as well as responding to public health emergencies in medical colleges and universities, is of great importance for enhancing the capacity of social emergency governance and improving the completeness of the public health system. This study aims to understand the management of public health emergencies in medical colleges in a city in southwest China, explore the factors associated with medical college students' evaluations, and provide recommendations for emergency management mechanisms in colleges and universities. METHODS: In total, 781 medical college students were selected through stratified random sampling and surveyed using a questionnaire. The main factors affecting students' evaluation of emergency management were analyzed using multiple linear regression and structural equation modeling. RESULTS: The overall emergency management situation in medical colleges was relatively complete, with satisfactory results. Medical college students' satisfaction with the timeliness of prevention measures was the highest, while the publicity and education were the lowest. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that grades, emergency education, -simulation training, -information reporting, and dynamic adjustment measures were associated with the evaluation of emergency management by medical students. CONCLUSIONS: Although the evaluation of emergency management in medical colleges was generally positive, certain limitations still existed. To improve the development of the public health system, colleges and universities should constantly reform and innovate emergency management mechanisms according to the important links in the prevention and control processes.

Unraveling the Activity and Mechanism of TM@g-C4N3 Electrocatalysts in the Oxygen Reduction Reaction.

In this work, a high-throughput screening strategy and density functional theory (DFT) are jointly employed to identify high-performance TM@g-C4N3 (TM = 3d, 4d, 5d transition metals) single-atom catalysts (SACs) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Comprehensive studies demonstrated that Cu@, Zn@, and Ag@g-C4N3 show high ORR catalytic activities under both acidic and alkaline conditions with favorable overpotentials (ηORR) of 0.70, 0.89, and 0.89 V, respectively; among them, Cu@g-C4N3 is the best candidate. The ORR follows a four-electron mechanism with the final product H2O/OH-. Cu@, Zn@, and Ag@g-C4N3 catalysts also exhibit good thermal (500 K) and electrochemical (0.93-3.14 V) stabilities. Cu@, Zn@, and Ag@g-C4N3 demonstrate superior activities with low ηORR due to its moderate adsorption strength of *OH. The ηORR and the Gibbs free energy changes of *OH (ΔG4(acidic)/ΔG4(alkaline)) resemble a volcano-type relationship under acidic/alkaline conditions, respectively. Additionally, the O-O bond length in *OOH emerged as an effective structural descriptor for rapidly identifying the promising electrocatalysts. This research provides valuable insights into the origin of the ORR activity on TM@g-C4N3 and offers useful guidance for the efficient exploration of high-performance catalyst candidates.

Developing a detection strategy for ten paralytic shellfish poisonings in urine, combining high-throughput DESI-MS screening and accurate UPLC-QqQ/MS quantification.

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is the most widespread and harmful form of shellfish poisoning with high mortality rate. In this study, a combined desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ/MS) method was established for the detection of PSPs in urine. The method was optimized using a spray solution of methanol and water (1:1, v/v) containing 0.1 % FA, at a flow rate of 2.5 µL·min-1 and an applied voltage of 3 kV. The limit of detection (LOD) for PSPs detection by DESI-MS was in the range of 87-265 µg·L-1, which basically meets the requirements for the rapid screening of PSPs. The LOD for UPLC-QqQ/MS was in the range of 2.2-14.9 µg·L-1, with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 7.3-49.7 µg·L-1, thus fulfilling the quantitative demand for PSPs in urine. Finally, after spiking the urine samples of six volunteers with PSPs to a concentration of 100 µg·L-1, DESI-MS successfully and efficiently detected the positive samples. Subsequently, UPLC-QqQ/MS was employed for precise quantification, yielding results in the range of 84.6-95.1 µg·L-1. The experimental findings demonstrated that the combination of DESI-MS and UPLC-QqQ/MS enables high-throughput, rapid screening of samples and accurate quantification of positive samples, providing assurance for food safety and human health.

Reduced miR-99a-3p levels in systemic lupus erythematosus may promote B cell proliferation via NCAPG and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Systemic lupus erythematosus is an immunologically dysregulated disease characterized by the presence of multiple autoantibodies. In SLE, B lymphocytes contribute to the dysregulated production of autoantibodies and cytokines. Recently, we discovered that miR-99a-3p binds to both EIF4EBP1 and NCAPG mRNA and that lowering miR-99a-3p can promote B cell autophagy in SLE by increasing EIF4EBP1 expression. However, the functions of miR-99a-3p and NCAPG in SLE have not been extensively investigated. OBJECTIVE: This work aims to evaluate the levels of miR-99a-3p and NCAPG expression in SLE B cells and to determine whether the aberrant expression of miR-99a-3p and NCAPG contributes to the pathological mechanisms in SLE. METHODS: B lymphocytes were obtained through immunomagnetic negative selection. Using RT-qPCR, miR-99a-3p and NCAPG mRNA expressions in B lymphocytes and in the BALL-1 cell line were measured. To determine the relative abundance of NCAPG, PI3K, p-PI3K, AKT, and p-AKT, we normalize them to the level of ß-actin using Western blotting. Evaluation of miR-99a-3p and NCAPG's impact on cell proliferation was done utilizing CCK-8 assay. Using flow cytometry, the cell cycle and apoptosis were both measured. RESULTS: Comparing SLE B cells to healthy controls, miR-99a-3p expression was significantly downregulated. Additionally, it was observed that SLE B cells had significantly higher NCAPG mRNA expression. Blocking miR-99a-3p expression in BALL-1 cells with an antagomir elevated NCAPG expression, facilitated PI3K/AKT pathway activation, improved cell proliferation, raised the fraction of S-phase cells, and prevented cell apoptosis. The opposite effects of upregulated miR-99a-3p levels on BALL-1 cells were observed by using an agomir. Furthermore, the effect of decreased miR-99a-3p expression on cell proliferation was partially mediated by elevating NCAPG levels and activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. CONCLUSION: Our research indicates that lower miR-99a-3p expression in SLE B cells appears to boost B cell number via the NCAPG and PI3K/AKT pathways.

Correlating the Photovoltaic Performance and Stability of the All-Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells to Their Intermixed Phases Determined by Concentration-Dependent Ultraviolet-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy.

In addition to the donor-acceptor nano phases, the intermixed phase within the organic blends is crucial for the photovoltaic performance and stability of the bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs). Here, the intermixed phase of a representative M-PhS:BTP-eC9 all-small-molecule organic solar cell was investigated by a concentration-dependent ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy method, where a shift of the absorption maximum wavelength was measured for the acceptor component with the increase of the acceptor concentration. The blend ratios of the acceptor to the donor in the intermixed phase, corresponding to the critical concentration for the formation of the acceptor nanophase (CAP), were determined to be 0.35, 0.20, and 0.15 for the as-cast, thermal annealing (TA), and the combined TA and solvent vapor annealing films. These results indicated that M-PhS and BTP-eC9 are kinetically well intermixed during spin coating, whereas TA and the following solvent annealing promote the crystallization of BTP-eC9 molecules out of the intermixed phase. The photovoltaic performance of the M-PhS:BTP-eC9 cells with different blend ratios was investigated. The formation of the BTP-eC9 nano phase in the blend film leads to stable VOC and fast increased JSC, which can be understood by the reduction of bimolecular charge recombination and the formation of electron transporting pathways within the photoactive layer. Similarly, the critical concentration for the formation of the donor phase was estimated to be 0.15 by measuring the stabilized VOC and increased JSC values of the cells with different donor blending ratios. More importantly, after a fast "burn-in" thermal degradation, the M-PhS:BTP-eC9 cell showed excellent thermal stability aging at 85 °C for over 1128 h, which is in good accordance with the unchanged intermixed phases measured by the UV-vis spectra of the annealed films. The current work demonstrates the feasibility of the spectroscopy method to investigate the intermixed phases for organic bulk-heterojunction solar cells and proves that all-small-molecule solar cells can be intrinsically very stable.

Spatiotemporal dynamics and influencing factors of human brucellosis in Mainland China from 2005-2021.

BACKGROUND: Brucellosis poses a significant public health concern. This study explores the spatial and temporal dynamic evolution of human brucellosis in China and analyses the spatial heterogeneity of the influencing factors related to the incidence of human brucellosis at the provincial level. METHODS: The Join-point model, centre of gravity migration model and spatial autocorrelation analysis were employed to evaluate potential changes in the spatial and temporal distribution of human brucellosis in mainland China from 2005 to 2021. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), and Multi-scale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) models were constructed to analyze the spatial and temporal correlation between the incidence rate of human brucellosis and meteorological and social factors. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2021, human brucellosis in China showed a consistent upward trend. The incidence rate rose more rapidly in South, Central, and Southwest China, leading to a shift in the center of gravity from the North to the Southwest, as illustrated in the migration trajectory diagram. Strong spatial aggregation was observed. The MGWR model outperformed others. Spatio-temporal plots indicated that lower mean annual temperatures and increased beef, mutton, and milk production significantly correlated with higher brucellosis incidence. Cities like Guangxi and Guangdong were more affected by low temperatures, while Xinjiang and Tibet were influenced more by beef and milk production. Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang were more affected by mutton production. Importantly, an increase in regional GDP and health expenditure exerted a notable protective effect against human brucellosis incidence. CONCLUSIONS: Human brucellosis remains a pervasive challenge. Meteorological and social factors significantly influence its incidence in a spatiotemporally specific manner. Tailored prevention strategies should be region-specific, providing valuable insights for effective brucellosis control measures.

Enhancement of pyranoanthocyanin formation in blueberry wine with non-Saccharomyces yeasts.

The development of blueberry wine provides an alternative method for maintaining the nutritional value and extending the shelf life of blueberries. However, anthocyanin loss and off-flavor compound generation during fermentation impair blueberry wine color and quality. Hydroxycinnamate decarboxylase from yeast can catalyze the conversion of hydroxycinnamic acids to vinylphenols, which later may condense with anthocyanins to form more stable vinylphenolic pyranoanthocyanins. In this study, 10 non-Saccharomyces yeasts from Daqu that showed hydroxycinnamate decarboxylase activity were screened. Among the 10 strains, Wickerhamomyces anomalus Y5 showed the highest consumption (34.59%) of the total tested phenolic acids and almost no H2S production. Furthermore, Y5 seemed to produce four vinylphenol pyranoanthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-galactoside/glucoside-4-vinylcatechol, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside/glucoside-4-vinylsyringol, malvidin-4-vinylguaiacol, and malvidin-4-vinylcatechol) during blueberry wine fermentation, which may improve the color stability of blueberry wine. These findings provide new insights for improving the quality of blueberry wine using non-Saccharomyces yeasts.

Strengthening the Hetero-Molecular Interactions in Giant Dimeric Acceptors Enables Efficient Organic Solar Cells.

Giant dimeric acceptor (G-Dimer) is becoming one of the most promising organic solar cell (OSC) materials because of its definite structure, long-term stability, and high efficiency. Strengthening the hetero-molecular interactions by monomer modification greatly influences the morphology and thus the device performance, but lacks investigation. Herein, two novel quinoxaline core-based G-Dimers, Dimer-QX and Dimer-2CF, are synthesized. By comparing trifluoromethyl-substituted Dimer-2CF and non-substituted Dimer-QX, the trifluoromethylation effect on the G-Dimer is investigated and revealed. The trifluoromethyl with strong electronegativity increases electrostatic potential and reduces surface energy of the G-Dimer, weakening the homo-molecular ordered packing but reinforcing the hetero-molecular interaction with the donor. The strong hetero-molecular interaction suppresses the fast assembly during the film formation, facilitating small domains with ordered molecular packing in the blend, which is a trade-off in conventional morphology control. Together with favorable vertical phase separation, efficient charge generation, and reduced bimolecular recombination are concurrently obtained. Hence, the Dimer-2CF-based OSCs obtain a cutting-edge efficiency of 19.02% with fill factor surpassing 80%, and an averaged extrapolated T80 of ≈12 000 h under continuous 80 °C heating. This study emphasizes the importance of hetero-molecular interaction and trifluoromethylation strategy, providing a facile strategy for designing highly efficient and stable OSC materials.

Functional characterization of group â ¡ interferon, IFNf in the acipenseriform fish, Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis).

Teleost fish possess a diversity of type Ⅰ interferons (IFNs) repertoire, which play a crucial role in antiviral and antimicrobial immune responses. In our previous study, IFNe1-3 and IFNb were identified and cloned from Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), an acipenseriform fish. However, the absence of Chinese sturgeon genome data has left the question of whether there are other type Ⅰ IFN members in this species unresolved. In this study, we have identified and characterized a novel IFN, IFNf in Chinese sturgeon (AsIFNf). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the AsIFNf contains a unique disulfide bond (2 cysteines) located in the second exon and fifth exon region, distinguishing it from other reported teleost type I IFNs. Meanwhile, qPCR results showed that AsIFNf mRNA was detectable in all examined tissues and up-regulated in the spleen or kidney in response to poly I: C, Citrobacter freundii, and Spring Viremia of Carp Virus (SVCV), but not by LPS. Furthermore, compared to recombinant AsIFNe2 protein (rAsIFNe2), rAsIFNf exhibited a stronger protective effect on Chinese sturgeon fin cells against SVCV and also induced higher expression of antiviral genes Mx and viperin. Importantly, AsIFNf displayed characteristics similar to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with a positive charge and demonstrated a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity in vitro. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the primitive structure and function of interferon, as well as deepening our comprehension of the innate immune system and disease defense in the endangered Chinese sturgeon.

Small Molecule Donors Design Rules for Non-Halogen Solvent Fabricated Organic Solar Cells.

Compared with all-small-molecule (ASM) and other types of organic solar cells (OSCs), the small molecule donor:polymer acceptor (SMD:PA) OSCs develop much slower due to the lack of material matching rules. Herein, by changing the end-cap substituent of the small molecule donor from ethyl (MPhS-C2) to benzyl (MPhS-Ph), the different selection rules of donor properties and thermal annealing (TA) treatment between the ASM and the SMD:PA system under tetrahydrofuran processing are thoroughly investigated. Therefore, MPhS-Ph exhibits more ordered molecular packing, leading to better adaptability in the SMD:PA system without TA; while the inferior molecular packing of MPhS-C2 after spin-coating performs better in the ASM system with TA. Whether spin-coating or TA process dominates morphological optimization also dominates their energy loss. Therefore, the MPhS-Ph:PYF-T-o and MPhS-C2:BTP-eC9 based devices achieve the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.1% and 15.7%, respectively, both of which are cutting-edge PCEs in their own type of OSCs fabricated by non-halogen solvent. This result suggests that intrinsic strong crystallization independent of the thermal drive is hoped in SMD:PA-OSCs, while high miscibility after spin-coating and proper assembly under thermal drive is expected in ASM-OSCs, providing deep understanding and guidance in highly efficient materials design rules in both ASM-OSCs and SMD:PA-OSCs.

Influence of HIV/AIDS knowledge on HIV testing behavior among young students (14-27 years) with a history of sexual activity: chain mediation analysis of social discrimination, self-efficacy, and sexual behavior characteristics.

This study used a self-administered questionnaire to investigate the relationship between HIV/AIDS knowledge, social discrimination, HIV self-efficacy, sexual behavioral characteristics and HIV testing behavior among young students with a history of sexual activity in Chongqing. Propensity score matching was used to construct a control group with similar demographic characteristics to the HIV testing group, only without HIV testing behaviors. Structural equation modeling was used to conduct chain-mediated effect analysis. The HIV testing rate among young students with a history of sexual behavior was 17.16%. Young students with HIV testing behavior had higher levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge, lower social discrimination, better self-efficacy, and no difference in sexual behavior characteristic scores between the two groups (P = 0.062). The mediated effect values of social discrimination and self-efficacy were 0.022 and 0.063, respectively, while their chain mediated effect value was 0.007. There was no mediated effect of sexual behavior characteristics. The level of young students' HIV/AIDS knowledge does not directly influence their HIV testing behavior but plays a complete chain mediating effect on HIV testing behavior through social discrimination and self-efficacy. HIV testing behavior should be promoted through the perspectives of enhancing HIV/AIDS knowledge level, reducing social discrimination, and improving self-efficacy.

Extracellular vesicles from adipose stem cells ameliorate allergic rhinitis in mice by immunomodulatory.

Background: Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hADSCs) exert potent immunosuppressive effects in the allogeneic transplantation treatment. In mouse model of allergic rhinitis (AR), ADSCs partially ameliorated AR. However, no study has evaluated the potential therapeutic effects of hADSC-derived extracellular vesicles (hADSC-EVs) on AR. Methods: Female BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) to induce AR. One day after the last nasal drop, each group received phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or hADSC-EVs treatment. Associated symptoms and biological changes were then assessed. Results: hADSC-EV treatment significantly alleviated nasal symptoms, and reduced inflammatory infiltration. Serum levels of OVA-specific IgE, interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-γ were all significantly reduced. The mRNA levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ in the spleen also changed accordingly. The T helper (Th)1/Th2 cell ratio increased. The treatment efficacy index of hADSC-EV was higher than that of all human-derived MSCs in published reports on MSC treatment of AR. ADSC-EVs exhibited a greater therapeutic index in most measures when compared to our previous treatment involving ADSCs. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that hADSC-EVs could ameliorate the symptoms of AR by modulating cytokine secretion and Th1/Th2 cell balance. hADSC-EVs could potentially be a viable therapeutic strategy for AR. Further animal studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to optimize potential clinical protocols.

Defect Engineering of High-Entropy Oxides for Superior Catalytic Oxidation Performance.

High-entropy oxides (HEOs) are crucial in various fields (power storage/conversion, electronic devices, and catalysis) owing to their adjustable structural characteristics, fabulous stability, and massive components. However, the current strategies for synthesizing HEOs suffer from low surface area and limited active sites. Herein, we present a salt-assisted strategy with remarkable universality for the preparation of HEOs with high surface area [e.g., HP-(FeCrCoNiCu)xOy: 59 m2/g, HP-(ZnMgNiCuCo)xOy: 49 m2/g, and HP-(CrMnFeNiZn)xOy: 11 m2/g], where HP means high porosity. Especially, HP-(FeCrCoNiCu)xOy with rich-oxygen vacancies promotes catalytic efficiency for hydrocarbon and alcohol oxidation owing to its hierarchical texture and massive oxygen vacancies. Furthermore, density functional theory is utilized to well illustrate the relationship of the structure and catalytic efficiency within the catalysts. This work offers realistic pathway for the large-scale application of HEOs in catalytic areas.

Optimized Crystal Framework by Asymmetric Core Isomerization in Selenium-Substituted Acceptor for Efficient Binary Organic Solar Cells.

Both the regional isomerization and selenium-substitution of the small molecular acceptors (SMAs) play significant roles in developing efficient organic solar cells (OSCs), while their synergistic effects remain elusive. Herein, we developed three isomeric SMAs (S-CSeF, A-ISeF, and A-OSeF) via subtly manipulating the mono-selenium substituted position (central, inner, or outer) and type of heteroaromatic ring on the central core by synergistic strategies for efficient OSCs, respectively. Crystallography of asymmetric A-OSeF presents a closer intermolecular π-π stacking and more ordered 3-dimensional network packing and efficient charge-hopping pathways. With the successive out-shift of the mono-selenium substituted position, the neat films give a slightly wider band gap and gradually higher crystallinity and electron mobility. The PM1 : A-OSeF afford favourable fibrous phase separation morphology with more ordered molecular packing and efficient charge transportation compared to the other two counterparts. Consequently, the A-OSeF-based devices achieve a champion efficiency of 18.5 %, which represents the record value for the reported selenium-containing SMAs in binary OSCs. Our developed precise molecular engineering of the position and type of selenium-based heteroaromatic ring of SMAs provides a promising synergistic approach to optimizing crystal stacking and boosting top-ranked selenium-containing SMAs-based OSCs.

Effects of Salt Soaking Treatment on the Deodorization of Beef Liver and the Flavor Formation of Beef Liver Steak.

In this study, based on the evaluation of fishy value and sensory evaluation, this study determined that soaking in a 1% salt solution for 60 min had a significant impact on the deodorization of beef liver (p < 0.05). The results showed that salt infiltration promoted the release of fishy substances, improving the edible and processing performance of beef liver. The identification of flavor compounds in raw and roasted beef liver via GC-IMS implies that (E)-2-octenal-M, (E)-3-penten-2-one-M, ethyl acetate-M, ethyl acetate-D, and methanethiol are closely related to improving the flavor of beef liver; among them, (E)-2-octenal-M, (E)-3-penten-2-one-M, and methanethiol can cause beef liver odor, while nonanal-M, octanal-M, benzene acetaldehyde, n-hexanol-D, butyl propanoate-M, heptanal-D, heptanal-M, and 3-methylthiopropanal-M had significant effects on the flavor formation of beef liver steak. The determination of reducing sugars revealed that salt soaking had no significant effect on the reducing sugar content of beef liver, and the beef liver steak was significantly reduced (p < 0.05), proving that reducing sugars promoted the formation of beef liver steak flavor under roasting conditions. Fatty acid determination revealed that salt soaking significantly reduced the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in beef liver (p < 0.05), promoting the process of fat degradation and volatile flavor production in the beef liver steak. Salt plays a prominent role in salting-out and osmosis during deodorization and flavor improvement. Through controlling important biochemical and enzymatic reactions, the release of flavor substances in a food matrix was increased, and a good deodorization effect was achieved, which lays a foundation for further research on the deodorization of beef liver and the flavor of beef liver steak.